How to Color Your Urine Safely

Have you ever wanted to color your urine or wondered what causes urine to become colored? If so, youre in luck! Heres a little bit of applied color chemistry for your entertainment and experimentation pleasure: Violet—Violet or purple liquid is not something you see in the toilet bowl every day. However, you can  get violet or purple urine if you eat both beets (red) and methylene blue dye (blue), which is safe in low quantities. Blue—Methylene blue will turn your urine blue or greenish-blue. It can also color the whites of your eyes blue. The coloration of both urine and eyes is reversible. At one time, methylene blue was considered to be an effective treatment ​against malaria. As far as urine colorants go, this one is considered to be reasonably safe to eat, though you should be aware some people are allergic to it. Food coloring may turn your urine blue. A rare, inherited disease known as porphyria can also cause blue urine. King George IIIs blue urine may have been attributable to porphyria. Green—Asparagus will turn urine green and also will give it a very strong odor (although not everyone can smell it).  Food coloring can also turn your urine green, as can certain medications. Yellow—Yellow is the normal color of urine. If your pee is too pale to detect the color, it means youre over-hydrated. If you have colorless urine yet want a yellow tint, you can take a vitamin B12 capsule. Another option, which is also extremely fast, is to drink a colored energy drink. Look for one that contains added B vitamins. Amber—Dark golden urine often results from dehydration (not drinking enough water). A very dark color might indicate the presence of bile in urine, which is symptomatic of a medical condition. To safely darken yellow urine, try taking a B vitamin. Drinking an energy drink wont help because the caffeine acts as a diuretic, adding more water to your urine and making it colorful, but pale. Orange—Eating rhubarb or senna can turn your urine orange. Senna is a dangerous herb to mess with. Stick with rhubarb (just dont eat the leaves, as theyre poisonous). Red—Eating beets or blackberries can turn your urine red. Blueberries can also tint urine pink. Even though the berries are blue, the pigment in them is a natural pH indicator that changes color. The normal pH of urine is slightly acidic first thing in the morning, trending toward slightly alkaline later in the day. The color of your urine resulting from foods youve eaten can be affected by the time of day you eat them. Pink—Pink urine can result from a urinary tract infection or from eating smaller quantities of beets or blackberries. Brown—Brown urine can be the result of kidney dysfunction, jaundice, or from an overdose of the herb goldenseal. Brown urine is not a good thing. You should probably avoid this color, if at all possible. Black—Black is not a good color for your urine. Black urine results from Blackwater Fever, which is associated with malaria. The black color comes from the massive death of your blood cells, leading (usually) to death. Milky or Cloudy—This results from blood, protein, or pus in the urine and usually indicates illness and is not an effect you can achieve by eating or drinking something non-toxic. Clear—All it takes to achieve clear urine is to drink plenty of water. Dont go overboard, though, since even too much water can be bad for you. If you decide to try any of these for yourself, make sure to closely read the safety information that accompanies the chemicals and use common sense. If youre concerned you have colored urine due to an illness, be sure to consult a health care professional.

Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia - 1940 Words

Describe and evaluate biological explanations of schizophrenia (24 marks) Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distorted thinking, impaired emotional responses, poor interpersonal skills and a distortion of reality. It is the most common of psychotic disorders that, in most countries around the world, affects around 1 per cent of the population. In terms of explanations for the disorder, two central types of explanations arise – psychological explanations and biological explanations. Whereas psychological explanations tend to focus on cognitive, emotional and environmental factors that may cause the disorder, biological explanations tend to focus on genetic, biochemical and neuro-anatomical factors as the cause of the†¦show more content†¦As Joseph (2004) pointed out, however, this is not always the case. Monozygotic twins are more likely to be treated in a similar way, encounter more similar environments, and be to be thought of as ‘the twins’ rather than two separate individuals. This, in turn, can lead to à ¢â‚¬Ëœidentity confusion’ and so potentially a higher concordance rate amongst monozygotic twins. Therefore Joseph argues that the greater concordance rate seen in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins is a result of the differing attitudes and environments experienced by the two types of twins. Adoption studies have also been used to determine whether home environment or genetic disposition are more influential in the causation of schizophrenia, as usually in twin studies twins are both genetically related and experience the same environment. Kety (1994) found high rates of schizophrenia in individuals whose biological parents were schizophrenic but were adopted by psychologically healthy parents. The most methodologically sound of adoption studies, though, was carried out by Tienari et al (2000) in Finland. In the study 164 adoptees whose biological mothers were schizophrenic were compared to 197 adoptees whose mothers were psychologically healthy. It was found that 6.7 per cent of the experimental group (those with schizophrenic mothers) developedShow MoreRelatedThe Biological And Psychological Explanations Of Schizophrenia1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will try to explain schizophrenia and talk about the main biological and psychological explanations, also s howing how similar and different they are. Schizophrenia is defined in the oxford dictionary as a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mentalRead MoreA Comparison of Biological and Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia531 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Biological and Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia Both the biological and the psychological explanations of schizophrenia are supported by empirical evidence which justify their explanations. However ,within the biological explanation there is the genetic explanation which is used largely based on scientific research such as that of Gottesman’s research using meta-analysis which looked at the family (including twin) relationships and concordanceRead MoreTwo Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay487 Words   |  2 PagesTwo Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia There are many biological explanations of schizophrenia. In this essay I will concentrate on the genetic explanation and biochemical explanation of the disorder. There are many studies that look in to genetics and the link to schizophrenia. This is dues to an original finding that schizophrenia runs in families and therefore suggests that genes are responsible for the disorder. I study was preformed by Janicak et al 2001;Read MoreB) Evaluate the Biological Approach’s Explanation of Schizophrenia.1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe biological approach asserts that something in our biology is the fundamental cause of dysfunctional behaviour which could be a genetic cause or a malfunction of brain structures. Although it is seen as the most common explanation for schizophrenia due to the use of drug therapy, it would be deterministic and reductionist to explain schizophrenia only with the biological approach since there are other numerous factors such as the ones related to the cognitive explanation or other environmentalRead MoreCompare and Contrast Psychological and Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia2340 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast psychological and biological explanations of schizophrenia. Jessica F Smith University Of Sussex Schizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, amp; Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they mayRead MoreCritically Consider Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesThe term ‘schizophrenia covers a group of serious psychotic disorders characterised by a loss of contact with reality. It comes from two Greek words: schiz meaning ‘split and phren meaning ‘mind. DSM IV (1994) estimate that the occurrence rate of schizophrenia ranges from 0.2%-2.0% worldwide. There are two main explanations of schizophrenia: the biological explanations and the psychological explanations. In this essay I will critically consider the biological explanations. These include geneticsRea d MoreOutline and Evaluate Two or More Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia.1443 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two main biological theories which explain the assumed causes of schizophrenia: Genetic and Dopamine Hypothesis. Research by Mikaywa et al has found that there must be a genetic explanation of schizophrenia due to the fact that concordance rates for environmental causes are not 100%. Also Mikaywa noticed that schizophrenia runs in the family, meaning there must be something other than environmental causes, causing the disorder. What Mikaywa studied was DNA from human families who wereRead MoreOutline and Evaluate One or More Biological Explanations to Schizophrenia1149 Words   |  5 Pagesand evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia (8 marks AO1/16 marks AO1) Schizophrenia is classified as a mental disorder that shows profound disruption of cognition and emotion which affects a person’s language, perception, thought and sense of self. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenic’s neurones transmitting dopamine release the neurotransmitter too easily, leading to the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis claimsRead MoreDescribe and evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia1827 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Describe and evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia Research has shown that schizophrenia is heredity and can runs  in families. This suggests that genes play a significant role. The  closer the genetic relationship the more likely the people are to  share the disorder. Evidence from family studies by Gottesman showed that when bothparent are schizophrenic then there is a 46% chance of  the child getting it, however, if  only one parent had it, it dropped to 17%. This suggestsRead MoreDescribe Two or More Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia725 Words   |  3 PagesDescribe two or more psychological explanations of schizophrenia 8+16 marks A01 A02 Sociocultural AO2 Cognitive Introducing Biology The cognitive explanation acknowledges the role of biological factors in schizophrenia, suggesting that the basis of the condition is abnormal brain activity producing visual and auditory hallucinations. Further features of the disorder emerge as people try to make sense of the hallucinations. When schizophrenics first experience voices and other worrying sensory

Behaviour Modification Approaches In Us Public Schools Free Essays

The growing need for effective procedures in disciplining and correcting undisciplined students in the US public schools has become nascent nowadays. Behaviour modification is essential in modelling young people who’ll become responsible members of the society. Effectiveness of behaviour modification procedures is seen to reduce deviance and problematic characters in a child. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviour Modification Approaches In Us Public Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effectiveness of social skills and social inoculation procedures which have blown out sub-procedures are behaviour modification methodologies whose perspective is to use culture and organizations within the social context to enforce proper moral projections in public schools. Procedures to modify behaviour have transformed from aggressive methodologies like caning, but legislation and physiological research has downplayed the effectiveness and pointed out health implications emanating from these methodologies. Expulsions, suspensions and parental advice and parent-teacher collaboration to enforce, advice and correct indiscipline in students is an approach which is so far a commonplace practice. The need to understand these procedures, the profundity of their impacts and success in correcting and modifying behaviour in students in the US public schools is paramount and integral in the public school systems. US public schools are having problems implementing various behaviour modification procedures due to various legislation laws. There is also the growing need to identify modalities to tackle the increasing implicit character and behaviours which are negatively affecting other students in these schools. Drug abuse, alcoholism, early sex, smoking, unconventional language and outward ness towards teachers, community and other students are problematic characters seen in the students and need to be modified. This paper explores the various strategies and methodologies employed to modify these problematic behaviours and disciplining students in the US public schools. Introduction Social skills and social inoculation procedures have been intensively reviewed as collective and effective behavior modification procedures in public schools. These school-based strategies developed first in smoking prevention and later applied to other substances have been practically admissible due to their approach to teacher-parent and society collaboration to impart and correct irresponsible behavior in students. However, cognitive control methodologies have led to more terse approaches to disciplining and modifying behaviour in students. Suspensions and expulsions have successfully instilled discipline and positive virtues in students. A zero tolerance on indiscipline approach has now become the lead methodology applied in US public schools. Zero tolerance approach as been in force as a proactive approach to a perceived rise in gangs, drugs, and violence in United States public schools and community. Typically, zero tolerance policies mandate predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offense. These policies have been subject to debate as to whether they are effective and whether they have unintended consequences that negatively affect students. This approach has become the principle methodology in US public schools. This behavior modification approach is most often characterized by disciplinary action that punishes all students severely regardless of mitigating factors such as severity of infraction, age, or intent.. However, parents and some legislators often criticize the methodology citing consequential health implications. The need for espousing these procedures is important, especially in this wake of a huge populace in the United States. The multi cultural aspect of the community in which the populace is composed of various communities . i. e. Caucasian, blacks and Whites is troublesome due to dissenting interests and attitudes towards education and moral facade of each student from each community. According to statistics, escalation of moral decadency and the overt-ness of sexuality in young people is more of an intricate social quagmire and an intrinsic social problem with wide spread implications on the long term and adverse socio-economic-health implications on family and the public domain. This has been manifested in public schools wherein the behaviours and indiscipline are seen. On substance abuse and violence, teachers in school need to identify the time and place where their students engage in alcoholism. This will help in identifying proper means of creating recreational or rehabilitative timetables for these students. Drug abuse and alcoholic sprees usually happen between 3pm and 7pm (www. samhsa. gov) outside the school compound or homestead, or in the most neglected and limitedly visited areas of these two environments. The most common alcoholic substances abused are beer and spirits (www. samhsa. gov). These escalations In moral problems in students and indulgence in sexual behaviors, violence, disrespectful, bullish, and various problematic characters is increasingly affecting the level of education in American public schools. Research indicate so many youths are now unable to finish schooling due to indulgence in bad morals and problematic activities and subsequently being expelled from school while others drop out in pursuit of these vices. The need to correct and modify these behaviours and arrest any escalation of these problems n the public schools is becoming integral in the education system. Methodologies and approaches are being employed and comprehensively used to counter the situations and model students into responsible young people who are admissible in the modern American society. Besides, identifying problems in students and using the proper counselling and behaviour modification strategy is vital. Problems faced by US public school system regarding students with bad behaviour The problems faced by the public schools onset with dropping out school by students due to their indulgence and subsequent immersion in problematic lives like being parents or even going to jail. Secondly, students nowadays have developed various behaviours which are deemed dangerous. There is also a growing trend of students practicing and exhibiting immoral projections which do not reflect respect of upright morals and behaviours and are deemed disrespectful. According to research conducted in Baltimore, the following are the problems faced in US public schools (Brecht Donoghue , 2004) †¢ Possession, use or distribution of tobacco on school property †¢ Disruptive behavior †¢ Verbal harassment †¢ Possession of drugs or alcohol †¢ Possession of weapons or firearms †¢ Arson †¢ Vandalizing, damaging, defacing, or destroying school property †¢ Violent behaviors/assaults, vicious fighting †¢ Extortion, coercion, blackmail, and robbery †¢ Trespassing †¢ Damaging property †¢ Insubordination †¢ Dress code violations †¢ Cheating/copying the work of another †¢ Fighting †¢ Possession of electronic devices (e. g. , beepers, cell phones) †¢ Sexual harassment †¢ Sexual misconduct †¢ Verbal abuse, ethnic slurs, vulgar statements or gestures, including the distribution of obscene material †¢ Misbehavior on bus or school transportation †¢ Disorderly conduct †¢ Gambling †¢ Assault on school staff Behavior intervention approaches Frank M. Gresham (2004), argues that Behavioral interventions is conceptualized using four broad theoretical categories: (a) applied behavior analysis, (b) social learning theory, (c) cognitive behavior therapy, and (d) neobehavioristic S-R theory (Powers Franks, 1988). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) descends directly from Skinner’s (1953) operant conditioning work and is based on the three-term contingency that describes the functional relationship between antecedents, behaviors, and consequences (Gresham, 2004). Social cognitive theory utilizes the concept of vicarious learning and the role of cognitive mediation processes in determining which environmental events are attended to, retained, and subsequently performed when an individual is exposed to modeling stimuli (Gresham, 2004 pp 327). Social learning theory is based on the notion of reciprocal determinism that describes the role an individual’s behavior has on changing the environment and vice versa (Bandura, 1986). Much of the work in social skills interventions utilizes modeling as an essential treatment strategy (Elliott Gresham, 1991; Gresham, 2002). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) assumes that an individual’s behavior in response to environmental events is mediated by their cognitions or thoughts (327). The goal of CBT is to change maladaptive cognitions that, in turn, lead to changes in behavior. Techniques such as self-instruction, self evaluation, correction of maladaptive self talk, and problem solving are used in CBT to change behavior (Kendall, 1985). CBT interventions are commonly used in the clinical treatment of anxiety and mood (depression, dysthymia) problems (Kazdin, 1990; Laurent Potter, 1998). Neo-behavioristic S-R models are based on features of classical (respondent) conditioning and avoidance learning in which maladaptive responses are conditioned to stimuli in the environment (Gresham pp 327). Procedures such as systematic desensitization and exposure based treatments (e. g. , flooding, implosion) for treating anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders are based on these S-R models of learning. These concepts have been dissected into simplistic approaches by school experts and education stakeholders. They have been incorporated in the public school behavior correction faculties as methodologies whose effectiveness varies with the level of behavior intricacy and extent of effect on the respect and view by the teachers Behaviour modification methodologies used to correct this indiscipline Various modern approaches to these problems are in place. Teacher intervention techniques as well as school rules modification approaches are also in force. These approaches differ with effectiveness and time frame of implementation. Expulsions, suspensions, caning are commonplace. They compose the zero tolerance methodology which is the common practice used in public schools. Drugs, alcoholism, language and violence are approached as cases which need to be addressed cognitively. Teacher intervention methods revolve around counselling and participating in initiating good behaviour and positive perceptions in the students who have these problematic behaviours. School teacher intervention The creation of a positive social interaction environment in a friendly and unrestrictive atmosphere offers the proper environment for the teacher to address the problem. This kind of environment greatly increases recovery. It’s aimed at improving collective social behavior so as to inspire and correct the students. The school counselor should counsel the students, encourage them to share their problems, initiate recreational activities like playing chess, bridge, and other in-house games (Ken David 2007). Through a cognitive-control system the teacher manifests self analysis, self recognition, and self help so as to regulate behavior. It involves reading materials wherein the teen reads her problem and follows a set of procedures like, playing with her pet, watching an inspiring video, etc. The procedure is used in the environment created by the school teacher (above). The objective of the method is to create competing system within the brain and make adolescents lessen brain capacity to want physical engagement with substances. A school counselor should address the teen alcohol problem through an educative perspective; He gives complete clinical views on use and abuse of substances and comprehensively emphasizes the importance of the context (David Masci,, 2000). This perspective scope is on teenage cases who are supposed to actively attend and play roles in the education and during the classes. The concept is to keep these teens safe from alcohol and to stop substance abuse. The school counselor should give social and drug life education to enable teenagers to make responsible decisions by providing honest information. Secondly, the student should emphatically give a complete clinical and legal overview of implications of both on substance abusers to discourage the teens from excessive or partial indulgence. The counselor is also supposed to advise the students to understand their place in the society and their future as citizens in the educative approach (Flannery, 2007). After-school programs Students tend to have various social networks where they interact. The school counselor should integrate these networks as extracurricular activities by allocating time to be with the students. According to research, drug abuse takes place mostly after school and evening hours as stated above (Bachman, Johnston O’Malley 1990). A school counselor is involved in participating, and listening to what students express and how they relate with their peers. In a group setting, he encourages the students to speak freely, express their views, thoughts, ideas, and perspectives. He intervenes only while asking them why they feel or think a certain way, then offer his support. Students can have a friend or family member participate in order to improve the advice being offered. The setting is a homely, conducive, and well equipped with internet and all communication tools to help these students research their problem with guidance from the school counselor. This is a very effective method and creates a backbone for the gradual and even instant ceasing of alcohol habits. According to (Rosenbaum, 2003), the after school programs form the basis of a communal approach to the problem. The students are able to understand their problem through guidance. If a student’s drug use becomes a problem, the after-school drop-in program enables her to make informal contact with a professional, even if she is not ready for formal treatment. If problems escalate, a referral to the appropriate agency can be made (Rosenbaum 2003). Peer mediation Education experts also suggest providing opportunities for students to become more engaged in school activities. Adopting strategies that include students in the discipline process, including peer mediation and mentoring, may assist violence prevention efforts. In peer mediation, students are encouraged to sit down with a trained student mediator (often accompanied by an adult) and resolve their differences through dialogue. In many cases problems that would otherwise escalate can be resolved through mediation. However, if the problem is not solved, students may be required to meet with an adult or older student mentor once a week for further mediation and mentoring until all parties agree that the issue is resolved. Approaching the student’s problem to foster an understanding that the student is capable of excelling in all aspects of life if he/she desists from substance abuse is helpful. The school counselor should as often as possible make groups which consist of most disciplined students to act as the role models. These role model groups actively integrate with other groups and incorporate the students who have drug problems. This makes these students sociable and gradually makes them feel acceptable in these groups and most important, desists from substance abuse due to the moral aspect of the group personality status. Zero tolerance methodology These policies mandate predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses, especially those deemed very criminal in terms of the age and environment they are committed. Sex, drugs, violence, assault on a student, teacher, damaging school property and related cases are approached through the zero tolerance approach. The methodology is related to substantial drop in school crimes and is common practice (Ronnie Casella, 2000). Zero tolerance is a policy that mandates predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses. It is intended to deter student misconduct by weeding out potential troublemakers and setting an example to others who might choose to misbehave, zero tolerance policies are most often characterized by a variety of high-tech detection methods (such as metal detectors and video surveillance) and strict discipline policies that punish all offenses equally severely without consideration of mitigating factors, such as the severity of the infraction or the intent or age of the individual (Russell Skiba, 2000. In most cases, these policies mandate that perpetrators be subject to school exclusion disciplinary actions ranging from suspensions and expulsions to arrest by in-school police (Brecht Donoghue , 2004). Great results have been seen through this methodology, however, its harsh aspects and the suspension of the student affects the educational background of a student (V. K. Costenbacher and S. Markson, 1994). Proponents of zero tolerance argue that these policies are needed to remove disruptive elements from the classroom and keep schools free of violence. Zero tolerance is implemented in cases where the student exhibits behaviors which are deemed too harsh to be contained in the school (C. Bowditch, 1993) . School student communities approach Public school administrations espouse building a sense of community within the school has been effective at preventing violence (Russell Skiba, 2000), because students are held accountable by their peers for harm they cause. Public school administrations adopted a community model in which students rectify their mistakes whenever possible. In schools these communities institute pee juries or teen courts in which students accused of misbehavior must appear before a jury composed of fellow students. The accused student must explain his or her misbehavior to the jury, and then the jury is responsible for communicating to the student how the behavior violated the rules of the school community and develop an appropriate consequence (Brecht Donoghue , 2004). The student’s sentence is not punitive, but rather an attempt to reintegrate the student into the school community. Most often, the student is required to make restitution for his or her action and engage in some type of community service Decision-making and problem-solving This approach emphasizes the development of cognitive and behavioral skills which are flexible and not situation-specific. On a cognitive level, students are taught decision-making and problem-solving techniques which will better prepare them to avoid peer pressure situations without alienating friends. Students are also taught specific self-instruction techniques that are designed to provide them with a framework for guiding themselves through high-risk situations. Finally, students are taught basic interpersonal skills designed to enable them to implement specific decisions or act in a way which is consistent with what they want (Catherine S. Bell and Robert J. Battjes, 1984). Other measures used in US public schools Schools’ use of programmatic prevention efforts, such as conflict resolution and behavior management, help prevent student violence and aggression and eliminate the need for harsh disciplinary action (David Masci, 2000). Conflict resolution has a moderate effect on the level of student aggression in schools, and helps students remember and employ alternatives to violence when solving conflict. More support and training in classroom management of behavioral problems helps teachers deescalate potentially violent situations. Expansion of training for principals and teachers in the development and implementation of behavioral management programs to help them learn strategies useful in deescalating potentially violent interactions. This has helped more of the teachers in the public schools to have more efficiency and capacity in Expansion of violence prevention programs in schools accelerates awareness and proficiency in recognition of faulty behaviors. Introduction of school counselors in public schools is becoming a very effective methodology. As seen in the teacher intervention methodology, through a cognitive-control system the teacher manifests self analysis, self recognition, and self help so as to regulate behavior. This will help address the decline on the learned youths which is adversely affecting the social balance. More Hispanic youths, especially males, is on the declines. The effects on the society are more poor families, crime rate increase and joblessness. The long term effect is a social imbalance with Blacks and Hispanics as well as other immigrants joining the lesser society and the poor Americans. A steady decline on stable families and the many unlearned and jobless children is affecting the national economic stability. Subsequently there will be more children, the poor and the aged in the population that the stable workers (Sandra Yin, 2007). Parents and social involvement in correction of behaviour The role of parents in behavior modification is the most integral in the public school behavior modification approaches. The parents and community members have been involved in contributing as the guardians of proper social behaviors in the community. The counselor involves concepts of capacity building and establishment of more positive youth groups so as to build on youths’ strengths. This is through advising on developing positive mental attitude towards their abilities in education and entrepreneurship. The teacher invites the community to lead in playing a role of advisors while he is the active leader. These community members and the school counselors have the obligation to present appropriate role-models and opportunities for remediation for young people growing up in the school community. The message to young adults and their peers must be that they understand the dangers of substance abuse and make appropriate choices when confronted with opportunities of drug use (David Masci, 2000). In expulsions and suspensions, parents are involved in these decisions which are seen more punitive and applicable as ways to correct bad morals projected by students. Effective parenting onsets good behavior and structures long term proper characters in children. This proper behaviors and morals are carried to schools where these children meet children with different characters and up-bringing. Parenting skills have led to development of approaches to train parents in skills seen as necessary for a harmonious parent-child relationship and for the amelioration of a number of childhood problem (Pinsker Geoffroy, 1981). Parents with skills and knowledge about effective parenting have been able to address and reduce deviant child behaviours. This has also led to harmonisation of family and school perceptions in these children. School administrators have been approaching parents to attend as often ass possible school based behaviour modification approaches to arm the parents with enough knowledge on how to manage their children and the implications of immoral and indiscipline in school. The approach has been to intensify the knowledge of parents and their capacity on how to be proficient in behaviour modification. Parents have increased their capacity in communication when discussing and reprimanding their children who show immoral characters and problematic behaviours. The public schools administrators and stakeholders have emphasised on parents to learn more effective means of dealing with typical parent-child relationship conflicts and develop a healthier parent-child relationship. Behaviour modification approach contains an emphasis on direct behaviour aims at direct behaviour change. Parent’s capacity to modify inappropriate behaviours is emphasised so as to arrest these problematic problems. Parent’s capacity, based on the training attained and knowledge imparted in the school administrators, is aimed at making the communication approach of the parents to aim at focussing upon maladaptive communication patterns between parent and child that are seen as the cause of inappropriate child behaviour (Pinsker Geoffroy, 1981). Impact of bad behaviour on good students The impact of the bad behaviour in the well behaved children in schools negatively impacts on those students who have good moral back grounds. The consequence of these impacts are unsafe learning environments, exposure to smoking, drugs and other problems portrayed by the bad students. The students are intimidated and coerced so as to identify with these students. These impacts result to poor academic performance and profound moral decadency in the schools. Safety and correction to reduce harm and to reconstitute behavior and perception in the teens is important. The school counselor can actively and consistently provide extra attention and consideration to the teens with the problem and follow up their recovery. The impacts of bullying and coercion lead to traumas and children seeking to leave these schools due to intimidations by these problematic students. Sources Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and actions: A social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Barbra Flannery, (2007) International Research Institute, Baltimore Brecht Donoghue, (2004): Zero Tolerance in Baltimore C. Bowditch(1993), â€Å"Getting Rid of Troublemakers: High School Disciplinary Procedures and the Production of Dropouts,† Social Problems, Vol. 40, (David Masci,, 2000) â€Å"Preventing Teen Drug Use: Is the Get-Tough Approach Effective? † Congressional Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 10 Frank M. Gresham (2004) Current Status and Future Directions of School-Based Behavioral Interventions; School Psychology Review, Volume 33, No. 3, pp. 326-343 Sandra Yin: http://www. prb. org/Articles/2006/TheUnitedStatesat300Million. aspx Hser, Y-I. ; Grille, C. E. ; Hubbard, R. L. ; et al (2002). An evaluation of drug treatment for adolescents in four U. S. cities: Archives of General Psychiatry; Volume 17, pp 1 (J. G. Bachman, L. D. Johnston and P. M. O’Malley 1990), â€Å"Explaining the Recent Decline in Cocaine use Among Young Adults: Further Evidence That Perceived Risks and Disapproval Lead to Reduced Drug use: Journal of Health and Human Social Behavior 31. 2 (1990): 173-184 (Ken David 2007), Social-economic decline due to substance abuse by teens: An intelligence approach to teen physiology through counter brain measures. Goldman Intelligence, Nairobi p1-5 Mark Pinsker, Kevin Geoffroy (1981): A Comparison of Parent Effectiveness Training and Behaviour Modification Parent Training ,Family Relations, Vol. 30, No. pp. 61-68 M. Rosenbaum, â€Å"‘Just Say No’ Wins Few Points with Ravers,† Los Angeles Times, 31 Jan. 2001: A13. M. Rosenbaum (2003) Safety first: A reality based approach to teen’s drugs and drug education. Drug Policy Alliance www. safety1st. org Russell Skiba (2000), Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence, Policy Research Report #SRS2, Indiana Research Center, Ronnie Casella (2000), â€Å"Zero Tolerance Policy in Schools: Rationale, Consequences, and Alternatives,† Teachers College Record, Vol. 105, Texas drug and rehabilitation center U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, accessed online at www. census. gov, on Sept. 15, 2006 US Department of Education: Findings from the school survey on crime and Safety: (2006) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES: Public Health Service †¢ Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration: Prevention Research: Deterring Drug Abuse among Children and Adolescents (2004) V. K. Costenbacher and S. Markson (1994), â€Å"School Suspension: A Survey of Current Policies and Practices,† NAASP Bulletin, No. 78 http://www. drugfree. org www. samhas. gov www. nida. nih. gov How to cite Behaviour Modification Approaches In Us Public Schools, Papers

Isolation and Emily Grierson A Deadly Combination Essay Example For Students

Isolation and Emily Grierson: A Deadly Combination Essay William Faulkner, one of the most famed writers of our times, explores in his writing the themes of alienation and isolation. He interweaves these themes with his female characters. In A Rose for Emily, Miss Emily Grierson is a woman who is alienated and lives in isolation from the people in her town. The theme of isolation is the focal point of the story, since it is what drove her to her madness. Faulkners theme of alienation comes up many times in his writing. In the book The Major Years, Melvin Backman states that Faulkner was reaching for a more decent life and more decent people in the midst of evil. He was reaching for love, innocence, simplicity, and strength, but he also knew that these things were being hidden by reality. With Faulkner, as with all men, the personal condition underlay and shaped his view of the human condition (Backman, p.183). The critic goes on to note that men in Faulkners works tend to undermine women and their roles in society. Women are oppressed and are usually controlled by men. The women try to fight the men in their society and are trying to find a way to escape from their grasps. They are hesitant to stand up to the men and instead they tend to hide away. Backman notes that, The will to confront reality seems to be losing out to the need to escape(p.184). Miss Emily is a woman who had the whole town wondering what she was doing, but did not allow anyone the pleasure of finding out. Once the men that she cared about in life deserted her, either by death or by simply leaving her, she hid out and did not allow anyone to get close to her. Miss Emily was indeed afraid to confront the reality that Backman discusses. Since she did not want to accept the fact that the people she cared about were gone, she hid in her house and did not go out. She was the perfect example of a woman alienated by a society controlled by men who make trouble for her instead of helping her. Minrose Gwin, author of The Feminine and Faulkner, states that several of Faulkners female characters, including Emily Grierson, are indeed active disruptive subjects in their narratives; theirs are voices which denounce and subvert male power(Gwin, p.8). They do what they do , such as killing Homer Barron in Emilys case, because they are tired of men telling them what to do. Gwin further states that the patriarchal world creates its own images of women. Emily tried to challenge these images by not being what the men in her society would consider normal. The men felt that all women should tend to their homes and be sociable, not locked up in a house with a manservant to clean it. They also felt that it was not right for a man to be doing that kind of work; it was a womans job to clean the house. Just as if a manany mancould keep a kitchen properly, the ladies said; so they were not surprised when the smell developed. It was another link between the gross, teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons(p.26). Backman, paraphrasing Wright Morris in The Territory Ahead, says that flight and nostalgia are essential to American life, The American flees the raw and uncongenial present for a mythic and desired past(Backman, p.185). This perfectly summarizes Emilys character because she is trying to leave the present and go back to a happier past. She is attempting to recapture her past because she needs to find the love she once knew. After her fathers death she went out very little; after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all(p. 26). Emily alienated herself from anyone when the two people that once loved her went away. She was afraid to grow close to anyone in fear of losing them again. Emily was a headstrong woman that seemed frail and weak, but was instead very strong. She had the whole town convinced that she could not hurt a fly, but instead she was capable of the worst of crimes, murder. .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 , .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .postImageUrl , .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 , .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38:hover , .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38:visited , .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38:active { border:0!important; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38:active , .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38 .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13d9f0386603ab4764e60b2031a88b38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sweatshops Essay Faulkners works convey a deep sense of oppression and withdrawal, yet they convey too the struggle with self and society. In the midst of defeat and despair a small center of resistance resides(Backman, p.186). Emily, in the middle of all the alienation and isolation she felt from the residents of her town, also found the resistance to show them she was not someone to be taken lightly. BIBLIOGRAPHYBackman, Melvin. Faulkner: The Major Years, A Critical Study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy. New York: Harpers Collins, 1991. Pp. 24-31Gwin, Minrose c. The Femenine and Faulkner: Reading (Beyond) Sexual Difference. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1990Morris, Wright. The Territory Ahead. The Macmillan Company, 1957.

Economic Tourism in Australia

Table of Contents Employment: Inflation: Exchange Currency: Disposable Income: Interest Rates: Global Economic: Reference List Employment: Australia is experiencing an influx of tourism from other nations, which is boosting its economy year after year though at a lower. As a result employment opportunities have been created for the locals in the hotels, on beaches and as tour guides. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009), the period between 1997 and 98, tourism was at its highest peak whereby it created the highest number of job opportunities totaling to 551,000 and earned the country high levels of revenue.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Economic Tourism in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it has just decreased recently between the financial years 2009-2010 due to the volcanic eruptions that adversely affected parts of Europe. The inbound tourism travel is estimated to grow at an average rate of 1.9% per year compared to the 4.0% outbound what translates to more tourists preferring to visit other nations although creation of employment is experienced but it is at a lower rate what means most people are left unemployed (World Travel and Tourism Council 2010). This is a result of lack of some of the unique tourist attraction sites readily available in the country that leads even to the locals to travel abroad to enjoy leisure whereby it has been noted that the number of locals traveling outweigh that of foreign tourists visiting their country and this impacts negatively the local economy (Coalter 2001, Dwyer, Forsyth and Spurr, 2007). Inflation: With the decreased travels it directly reflects that the income is hampered with, and this was experienced by the depreciation of the dollar by US$0.86 by the year 2010 (Kulendran and Dwyer 2009). In a bid to regain the lost revenues, the air travel agencies in line with the government sought ways of increas ing aircraft passenger seats in order to double the number of visitors flying in the country thus impacting positively on the economy. Also it lowered air flight fares to attract more people as much as little will be gained on the part of traveling more will be earned on tourist consumption and therefore curb the deficit incurred. The government will gain more revenue and in so doing stabilize its economy. (Dwyer Forsyth 1996, Bureau of Tourism Research 1995). Inflation occurs in a number of ways common one being increased circulation of currency on the financial market and these affects both the supply and demand. To deal with this kind of inflation the central; bank is forced to increase the interest rates on loans so as to reduce the number of lenders and stabilize the financial market (Tribe, 2005, Van et al. 2007). Exchange Currency: Exchange rate varies with the demand and supply dynamics of the market so with decreased number of tourists it means the exchange of currency wil l be higher thus affecting the economy negatively.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the increased outbound of tourists the government can encourage more spending on leisure, and to aid the low currency exchange rates will see more of the leisure commodities being exported to foreign countries where the tourists are visiting thereby increasing the national gross domestic product. When the number of foreign tourists is high the government can increase the exchange of currency so as to gain from the tourists at lower taxes on some products mostly used by the inhabitants what will lead to increased consumption and hence growth of the economy. Disposable Income: The government usually expects to gain more from the inbound tourists from the taxes paid by the visitors and from the goods consumed. For example, increase in taxes for all the goods bought by the tourists and the two percent taxation on all the alcoholic drinks will gain more revenue thus boosting the economy (Dwyer Forsyth 1993, Bull 1995). Individuals will further be earning some income, for instance a taxi driver carrying the tourist, buys fuel from a petrol station and some car spare parts. The tourist buys some snacks what increase the demand and supply that leads to creation of industries that make the snacks and their by products. From this long chain the government stands to be the final gainer as it earns a tax from every level that the tourist affects. Interest Rates: This vary with the variation in demand and supply in a way that if the inbound tourist rate is low, their will be extensive lending by the banks thus leading to increased circulation of currency on the market or inflation so increasing lending rates will regulate the number of loan seekers thereby stabilizing the currency dominancy on the market. But if the outbound rate is low and the inbound high, the interest rat es can be lowered so that the banks can be able to earn some interest (Seetaram and Dwyer 2009). Global Economic: Leisure contributes a lot in the global economy through brands recognition, advertisements, business interactions and has played a role in development of globalization (World Tourism Organisation 2000, Martin and Mason 1998, Leiper 1999). For instance, when tourists visit countries where companies manufacture products, which they buy in their home countries as imports, they tend to buy them in bulk either for personal use or sell in their countries back at home. This is one way of advertising such products to other people who will also develop an interest in buying them thus boosting the economy both of their country and that of others.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Economic Tourism in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009). Australian Nati onal Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account, 2007-08. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5249.02007-08?OpenDocument Bull, A. (1995). The economics of travel and tourism, 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Longman. Bureau of Tourism Research (1995). Australian Tourism Data Card. Canberra: Bureau of Tourism Research. Coalter, F. (2001). Realising the Potential of Cultural Services: the case for tourism. Edinburg: Centre for Leisure and Research at the University of Edinburgh. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. (1993). Assessing the benefits and costs of inbound tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 512-537. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. (1996). Economic Impacts of Cruise Tourism in Australia. The Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 36-43. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. and Spurr, R. (2007). Contrasting the uses of TSAs and CGE models: measuring tourism yield and productivity. Tourism Economics, Vol 13, No 4, December pp. 537-551.Advertisi ng Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kulendran, N. and Dwyer L. (2009). Measuring the Return from Australian Tourism Marketing Expenditure in Asia. Journal of Travel Research, vol 47, pp. 275-284. Leiper, N. (1999). A conceptual analysis of tourism-supported employment which reduces the incidence of exaggerated, misleading statistics about jobs. Tourism Management, 20, pp. 605-613. Martin, W. H. and Mason S. (1998). Transforming the Future Quality of Life. Rethinking free time and work. Sudbury: Leisure Consultants. Seetaram, N and Dwyer L. (2009). Immigration and Tourism Demand in Australia: A Panel Data Approach. ANATOLIA: an International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol 20, (1) pp. 212-222. Tribe, J. (2005). The economics of recreation, leisure tourism. New York, NY: Butterworth-Heinemann. Van, H. L. et al. (2007). Indirect Economic Contribution of Tourism to Australia and to Australian States and Territories 2003-04. Gold Coast, Qld: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre. World Tourism O rganisation. (2000). Tourism Highlights 2000. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation. World Travel and Tourism Council. (2010). Tourism Economic Research 2010. World Travel Tourism Council, London. Web. This report on Economic Tourism in Australia was written and submitted by user Kelsey Buckley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dont Be Despondent Over Slough and Slew

Dont Be Despondent Over Slough and Slew Don’t Be Despondent Over Slough and Slew Don’t Be Despondent Over Slough and Slew By Maeve Maddox The spelling slough represents two meanings and two distinct pronunciations. 1. slough (rhymes with now) noun: soft, miry, muddy ground. This is the kind of slough that John Bunyan describes in his allegory, The Pilgrim’s Progress: Now I saw in my dream, that, just as they [Christian and Pliable] had ended this talk, they drew nigh to a very miry Slough that was in the midst of the plain; and they, being heedless, did both fall suddenly into the bog; the name of the Slough was Despond. Here, therefore, they wallowed for a time, being grievously bedaubed with the dirt; and Christian, because of the burden that was on his back, began to sink in the mire. 2. slough (rhymes with muff) noun: of a serpent or similar reptile, the cast-off skin. verb: to cast or shed the skin. Often used figuratively: Putin, like Yeltsin, is constantly looking for ways to  slough off responsibility  for  his  decisions and their consequences- RussiaLost in Transition, by Liliia Fedorovna Shevtsova. Slew, sometimes spelled slue, has more than one meaning. The verb slew originated as a nautical term meaning â€Å"to turn a thing round upon its own axis, or without shifting it from its place. Slewed became nautical slang for â€Å"drunk† and a slew-foot was â€Å"a clumsy person who walks with feet turned out.† In Texas folklore, Pecos Bill marries a woman named â€Å"Slue-Foot Sue.† The usual modern meaning of slew as a verb is â€Å"to turn a thing around on its own axis.† Here’s an example from fiction: Near the top of the ramp a motorist in a gray Toyota panicked, slamming into the car behind it. Chrome and plastic hanging from its front, it  slewed around  blocking both lanes, effectively cutting off the Aviator. Robert Ludlums (TM) The Bourne Betrayal, Eric Van Lustbader. As a noun, slew means â€Å"a very large number† or â€Å"a great amount.† For example: Baltimore City legislators  prepare  for new Annapolis session with  a slew of  bills.  City Paper, Baltimore. A less common use of slew (also spelled slue) is in reference to â€Å"a marshy or reedy pool, pond, small lake, backwater, or inlet,† as in this description of a journey along the upper Mississippi River: A continual variation of scene now opened to the view, marred only by an occasional ungraceful slew or marsh Some American speakers conflate the spelling and pronunciation of the words slough (miry ground) and slew (wetlands). They take their cue from Merriam-Webster whose entry for slough lumps the following definitions together: 1a. a place of deep mud or mire. 1b. a small marshy place. 1c. also slew or slue, a side channel or inlet I’ll give the last word on the spelling and pronunciation of these words to The Chicago Manual of Style: slew; slough; slue Slew is an informal word equivalent to many or lots (you have a slew of cattle). It is sometimes misspelled slough (a legitimate noun meaning â€Å"a grimy swamp† and pronounced to rhyme with now) or slue (a legitimate verb meaning â€Å"to swing around†). The phrase slough of despond (from Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress [1678]) means a state of depression. This is etymologically different from slough (/slÉ™f/), meaning â€Å"to discard† (slough off dry skin). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?Types of Plots

The causes of drug abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The causes of drug abuse - Essay Example al abuse, and emotional abuse/neglect in childhood, is a significant risk factor for many psychiatric disorders later in life, such as substance abuse†(Wang et al., p.1). Bitter life experiences are the major motivating factor for drug abuse. It is not necessary that a person starts drug abuse immediately after he suffers a painful experience. In many cases, bitter childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, lack of parental care etc can generate drug abuse like antisocial behaviors later in the life of a person. Physical as well as psychological problems can cause drug abuse. People with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV, etc quite often take shelter in drug abuse to forget about the physical and mental pain caused by their diseases. Strained relationships and destruction of love affairs or dating relationships can also cause drug abuse like behavioral problems. Some people believe that drug uses can stimulate sexual energy. People, who are sexually impotent, often try to make use of drugs to improve their sexual energy or capabilities. Narcotic drugs create good feelings. There is the initial euphoric sensation that comes with taking the drug, and then there is the secondary effect associated with the type of drug used. If it is a stimulant, the initial euphoria is followed by inflated feelings of self-confidence and abundant energy; if it is a depressant, then the initial euphoria is followed by satisfaction and relaxation† (Ho). Unemployment, poverty and lack of living standards etc are other reasons for drug abuse. Nobody likes to lead a life in poverty. Everybody wants to lead a lavish life. Failure to get proper employment or raising the living standard often generates frustrations in the minds of the people. These frustrations often lead them towards drug abuse like behaviors. Improper knowledge about certain medicines or drugs often causes drug abuse. For example, marijuana is a controversial drug because of the arguments in favor and against it

A critical study of credit risk management in the first bank of Dissertation

A critical study of credit risk management in the first bank of Nigeria Plc - Dissertation Example Circumstances led to the situation in which the giant loss incurring banks due to subprime crisis have to solely depend on capital flow from Middle East, Chinese and investors from Singapore. Thus major nucleus of these losses has been related to credit risk. Thus the notion of the credit risk management is a grave concern in this world of complex financial milieu and it has become highly essential for the financial institutions to suppress loses arising from credit for sustained long run performance. The obnoxious cases of bank failures, acquisitions, consolidation have steered the focus of management of the financial institutions in restructuring operations, improving asset quality and building loan portfolios with credit risk management as the base structure (Yo & Yusoff, 2009, p.46). Influence of credit risk management on the banks Credit risk management has an overwhelming concern on the financial institutions especially that of a bank. The credit risks in simple language can be defined as the potential which the bank borrower or the counterparty will fail to meet its obligations with various agreed terms. The basic objectives of the credit risk management are directed towards the maximization of the risk adjustment of the bank with the maintenance of the credit risk exposure within the domain of various accepted parameters (which may vary from time to time). The banks basically require managing the credit risk intrinsic in the entire portfolio as well as the risks in the individual credits or the transactions. The banks should be also taking into account the relationships between the credit risk as well as that of the other risks. The effective management of the credit risk can be argued as a crucial component of a comprehensive approach towards risk management and are highly essential to the long-term success of any of the banking organization (Principles for the Management of Credit Risk, 2012, p.1). In the recent decades leading to financial crisis, th e banks have operating in an enhanced competitive market and as an involuntary mechanism being forced in taking more risks for seeking out higher margin actions. Securitization, commercial papers have created the platform where the banks can generate higher margin business by the process of converting the illiquid loans into marketable securities and thus lead to the release of capital for other investment opportunities. Empirical testing reveals that the process of securitization leads to the expansion of credit leading the banks to hold riskier assets (Casu et al, 2010, p.3). From the perspective of the Basel Accord II , securitization exposures the banks have to abide by some norms like that of proper documentation of the objectives, summary of the bank’s policies for securitization and whether there is limitations in the application of sophisticated credit risk management with the securitization method. The credit risk management can be successfully implemented if the ban ks adapt refined techniques for minimizing the risk of the expected losses (Securitization of Credit Exposures: Important Tool of Credit Risk Management under Basel Accord II, 2006, p.598). Technology enhancing the process of credit risk management One of the most important parts in the credit risk management is that of quantifying the risks and it is a very crucial part in the risk management process. From

Job Description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job Description - Research Paper Example Thus, I should exercise due diligence in the selection of the most suitable candidate for the position. Job Analysis/ Job Description I am tasked to do a job analysis for the Labor Relations Specialist post. Heathfield (2011) defines job analysis as â€Å"the process used to collect information about the duties, responsibilities, necessary skills, outcomes, and work environment of a particular job† (para. 1). It reflects the knowledge, skills, abilities and competencies that workers need in order to be efficient at work (SHL, 2001). Safdar et al. (2010) conclude that individuals with higher levels of knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) tend to be better job performers. They also suggest that jobs need to be analyzed for the nature of the job and the nature of the relationships that the job entails as well as the job outcomes. The job of a Labor Relations Specialist covers a wide range of responsibilities. Basically, his or her job is to â€Å"resolve disputes between worker s and managers, negotiate collective bargaining agreements, or coordinate grievance procedures to handle employee complaints† (Career Planner.com, para 1). Specifically, his job requires him to have a vast knowledge of company policies, labor laws and employee rights. His numerous tasks include but are not limited to the following: Ensure that the company policies adhere to labor laws and monitor its adherence to labor agreements. Review employer practices or employee data to ensure compliance with contracts on matters such as wages, hours or conditions of employment. Advise management on matters related to employee contracts, discipline or grievance procedures. Prepare and submit required governmental reports or forms related to labor-related matters. Prepare reports or presentations communicating employee satisfaction or other related information to management. Develop methods to monitor employee satisfaction with company policies, working conditions, grievance or complaint procedures. Train managers or supervisors on labor-related topics like working conditions, safety or equal opportunity practices. Negotiates between workers’ unions and the company on labor-related issues. (Career Planning.com, 2012) Qualities/ Qualifications Needed for the Job It can be said that a Labor Relations Specialist should have a neutral stand so he will be able to be more objective in the performance of his work. In arbitrating labor problems, he needs to see both sides of the issue and ensure that they justly enforce whatever consequence necessary. Hence, my replacement be so, and should possess the knowledge and skills necessary to carry out his important role with efficiency. Applicants to the position should be a college graduate, preferably with an MBA degree and an intensive background in industrial and public relations (Jain, 1975). Apart from the knowledge of industrial and labor relations and laws, he should be personable and approachable by both managemen t and workers. He should be effective in his communication skills both in oral and written communication as these skills will always be called upon in his work. It is highly preferable that he has adequate experience in handling labor problems. Recruitment Finding the right candidate will entail a series of tests. Aside from the usual ones given by the Human Resources division, a panel interview should be set up with some managers and myself as part of the panel. To test the

Dumping And Anti Dumping In International Trade

Dumping And Anti Dumping In International Trade Introduction International trade in the 21st century is a highly competitive area, with every nation trying its best to attain the competitive advantage. The benefits of being the dominant player in the game of trade are sufficient enough to lure even the least developed nation to embark on an aggressive trade strategy. The trade element provides benefits not only on the economic front but also has the unlimited potential of providing vital political advantage. The examples of such benefits have changed the course of human history for several centuries. The European power bloc enjoyed the trade advantage till the World Wars destroyed their mainland, following which the advantage shifted to the United States. But even US felt the heat of Japanese trade policies in the 1960s and 1970s, while during the last decade of the 20th century world saw the short-lived prominence of the Asian tigers. With the new century came a new set of players known as the emerging markets along a handful of prominent pla yer, who were tagged as the BRIC bloc by Jim O Neil of the Goldman Sachs. The trans-national trade has always had its effect on the international relations mainly because it took the a zero-sum game form rather than the win-win situation, thus going against the theories advanced by Adam Smith, Frederick von Hayak and Milton Friedman. Maintaining the dominance in trade became essential as monetary benefits in the form of current account and capital account surplus became more critical for furthering the growth of various national economies. Hence countries have been forced to engage themselves in a series of trade-distortion techniques like dumping, currency devaluation and so on. China, the export behemoth, supported its export oriented industrial units through the simplest monetary tool depreciation of the domestic currency against the global currencies. This depreciated Chinese Yuan made exports more attractive and provided adequate trade surplus for China against global importers like US and European countries. The other nations also attempted to use t his tool, but only a few were able to reap the right benefits. Currency manipulation was a serious crime according to International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the various central banks across the world. Hence exporting countries including China resorted to other mechanisms to support its exports. With the national Governments providing adequate subsidies to the manufacturing concerns, low-cost production was achieved by the exporters. The cost-advantage helped the exporters to push their goods into overseas markets and break the existing dominant industries in the overseas markets. This led to the scenario known as dumping and enraged importing countries, mainly in the West, used customized anti-dumping measures to counter this wave of dumping. The emergence of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and a series of agreements in the late 1990s and in the first decade of the 21st century provided a standardized framework for countering the anti-dumping worldwide. This report examines the scenario of dumping and also analyses the anti-dumping measures taken up by various nation-states, supported by various trade blocs. The measures provided by WTO to support anti-dumping rules and to prevent its abuse are also critical to the study done in this report. The report would also accommodate some cases in anti-dumping, with respect to India, China and Developed countries, inorder to further explain anti-dumping as a prevalent trade measure. Dumping Anti-Dumping Exporters who sell their products at a price lower than the domestic market prices and production costs are guilty of dumping. With nations getting more and more tuned towards protecting their domestic industries against foreign competitors, more and more cases of dumping are being reported world wide. The main tool against dumping for most sovereign states is the use of national laws pertaining to trade in the form of Anti-Dumping Measures. Like in case of any regulation initiated with good intentions, abuse of these regulations has also risen with time. Thus World Trade Organization was forced to take up the issue of dumping and anti-dumping through a series of regulations using the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) clauses. ANTI-DUMPING: TERMS Normal Price/Comparable Value It is the price of the product when sold in the ordinary course of trade for consumption in the exporting country. A fair comparison is required to be made between the normal price and the export price and it should be made at the same level of trade at ex factory level and in respect of sales made at as nearly possible the same time. In certain circumstances, there may be no sales in the domestic market to enable comparison, in which case, it may not be possible to determine normal value. In such circumstances, there are two alternative methods which have been provided for determination of the normal value. The price at which the product is sold to a third country. The constructed value of the product, which is calculated on the basis of the cost of production plus selling, general and administrative expenses and normal profits. Insufficient volume of sales: if certain sales are made below their cost, then they are to be ignored for computation purposes and the normal value would be determined based on remaining sales. The remaining sales would normally be considered as sufficient if they constitute 5% or more of the export sales made to the country conducting the investigation against dumping. De-minimis rule: In case the remaining sales are insufficient on account of insignificant volume of sales in the home market, then the normal value would be computed based on the alternative methods provided. Indirect exports: If products are not imported directly from the country of manufacture but from an intermediate country, the normal value is to be determined on the basis of sales in the market of the originating country unless this may result in an inappropriate or impossible comparison. Export Price The export price is generally based on the transaction price at which the foreign producer sells the product to an importer in the importing country. However, in certain cases the transaction price may not be appropriate for purposes of comparison with normal value. These circumstances may arise in case of: Internal transfers i.e. transfer between the same entities from one location to another, where there is no transaction value; Barter or exchange transactions, where the money value is absent; Where the relationship existing between the exporter and the importer may have an influence or bearing on the price negotiated or For such other reasons where the transaction price may not be considered to be at arms-length. In such cases, the transaction value cannot be adopted and the export price needs to be determined based on an appropriate alternative method. However, the construction of the export price should be reasonable and based on facts and circumstances, which are warranted in each case. The export price may be constructed based on: Price at which the imported product is first resold to an independent buyer The constructed price should have allowances for costs including duties and taxes, incurred between the importation of the product and its resale to an independent purchaser, as well as for reasonable profits accruing there from. The constructed price should also give allowances for factors such as different levels of trade, conditions and terms of sale, taxation, quantities, physical characteristics, and other matters demonstrated to affect price comparability Conversion of currency: The comparison of the normal value with that of export price would require conversion of currency. Normally, when the base currency is different from USD or Euro, they are converted into USD or Euro for the purpose of calculations. In such cases, the exchange rate to be used should be one on date of sale. In case of a forward currency sale, the exchange rate adopted for the forward transaction should be used for conversion. Like Product The term like product is defined as a product that is identical, i.e. alike in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration. Sales in ordinary course of Trade In order to enable comparison of the export price and the normal price, the anti dumping investigations need to determine whether the sales in the domestic market of the exporting country are made in ordinary course of trade or not. In case the price at which the goods are sold in the domestic market is below its cost, then prima facie, it would mean that the sales made in the domestic market are not in the ordinary course of trade. Accordingly, such sales may be disregarded in the determination of normal value. However, sales made below costs may not be disregarded for determination of normal value where they allow for recovery of costs within a reasonable period of time, which may normally be one year or are insignificant. Anti dumping: WTO Regulations The WTO is the only International body dealing with the rules and regulations of trade between nations. The WTO Agreements negotiated and signed by bulk of the worlds trading ratified in their parliaments. WTO took over the reins from GATT in the year 95 and its objective is no different. It is focused on maintaining trade balance between the developed, developing and under developed countries. Some of its objectives are That international economic relations should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand; Expanding the production of trade in goods and services; While allowing for the optimum use of the worlds resources in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development, seeking both to preserve the environment and to enhance the means of doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development. WTO, seen from the past, intends to achieve the stated objectives by one or more of the following mode or means: Administering trade agreements Acting as a forum for trade negotiations and settlement of trade disputes Reviewing national trade policies Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical assistance and training program Co-operating with other international organization In an effort to bring cross border transactions and free trade between nations it signed a lot of agreements in this regard. As a result of it lead to the implementation of the article VI of GATT 1994, which is popularly known as the Anti- dumping Agreement. Wherever WTO seeks for free trade it also makes sure that the trade fair and full. Article of VI of GATT: It states that the practice of exporting goods from one country to another at less than the normal value should be strictly condemned if it causes or threatens to cause material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic industry. In order to seek implementation of the said Article, member nations at WTO have entered into an agreement called the Agreement on implementation of Article VI and more-popularly referred to as the Anti-dumping Agreement. A product is considered as being dumped i.e. introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value if the export price of the product from one country to another is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country. The activity of throwing goods at less than their normal value into another country would be called dumping. When dumping causes or threatens to cause material injury to domestic industry of the importing country, the action undertaken to counteract the said dumping, by the importing country, is called as anti-dumping. WTO lays down the basic principles on how a Nation can or cannot react to dumping. In this regard, it would be essential for a member country to prove that there should have been a material and genuine injury to its competing domestic industry, before in any manner, taking steps against dumping. The importing country is allowed to take action against dumping, when: Dumping is not only said but also shown to have taken place by the importing country; On the basis of dumping, being said to exist, the importing country is able to establish from reliable information and considering all possible factors that such dumping has actually caused or could cause, material injury to its domestic industry; and Lastly, as a reasonable justification for any action against dumping, the importing country should be able to present the calculation stating the extent of dumping i.e. the difference between the export price and the normal price in the exporters home country. The agreement has given three ways to calculate the case of dumping Difference between the price in the exporters domestic market (called normal value) and the price charged for export to the subject nation, in the absence of the price in the domestic market. The second method is to compare the price charged by the exporter for exports to another country that to the price charged on export to the subject nation. In the absence of the comparable price , the price in the exporters market is derived from the cost incurred by the manufacturer and then it is subjected to the importing nation Approach adopted to counter Dumping An action imposing and collecting dumping would require a three step approach; The establishment of evidence in favour of dumping. In India, the following conditions need to be fulfilled before initiating an action against dumping: The product which is said to have been dumped, has been imported into India from a country outside India The export price is less than the comparable price Consequent to being dumped, it has caused or the effect of causing material injury to manufacturers of like product in India. The transaction alleging dumping is undertaken in the ordinary course of trade The establishment of evidence in respect of its injury In the context of dumping, the term injury has been defined to mean either material injury to a domestic industry, threat of material injury to a domestic industry, or Material retardation of the establishment of a domestic industry. The determination of injury must be based on positive evidence which would normally involve an objective examination of the volume of the dumped imports and the effect it has on the prices in the domestic market for like products and the consequent impact of these imports on domestic producers of such products. Also, in certain circumstances, producers who are related to the exporters or importers of the product under investigation and producers who are themselves importers of the allegedly dumped product. In this regard, a producer would be deemed to be related to the exporter or importer if: one of them directly or indirectly controls the other both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person together they directly or indirectly control a third person, subject to the condition that there are grounds for believing or suspecting that the effect of the relationship is such as to cause the producers to behave differently from non-related producers Evaluation of Injury The investigating authorities have to develop analytical methods for consideration of these factors such as volume and price which may be regarded as relevant in the light and circumstances of each case. The authorities need to evaluate all relevant economic factors having bearing upon the state of the domestic industry. In this regard, a number of factors have been listed such as actual or potential declines in sales, profits, output, market share, productivity, return on investments, utilization of capacity, actual or potential effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital or investments, and the magnitude of the margin of dumping. In evaluating the injury to the domestic industry, the investigating authorities are required to consider whether there has been significant price undercutting in respect of the dumped imports as compared to the price of the like product in the domestic industry of the importing country. Causal Link: As regards the establishment of material injury, it needs to be demonstrated that there is a causal relationship between the article that is alleged as being dumped and the injury it seeks to cause to the domestic industry manufacturing or producing like product. The investigating authorities need to analyze factors such as change in technology and change in the pattern of demand etc. which can cause material injury to the domestic industry but these factors are not arising on account of dumping, as they need to be excluded in evaluating the injury on account of dumping. Therefore, the investigating authorities are required to develop analytical methods for determining only those factors which have a causal link between dumping of alleged goods and its consequent injury to the domestic industry. Cumulative Analysis: In cases where an article is found to be dumped into the importing country from more than one country, it is possible to undertake a cumulative analysis of the article being dumped. In this regard, it is provided that the authorities must be required to determine the margin of dumping from each country and that such margin should not be less than 2%, expressed as a percentage of the export price for each country and that the volume of imports from each country should not be less than 3% of the imports of like articles. In this regard, if the imports from one country is less than 3%, then such investigation may be possible if the collective imports from all such countries is not be less than 7% of the import of like articles. Dumping Calculation: The margin of dumping is normally calculated as the difference between the weighted average normal value and the weighted average price of all comparable exports. In certain cases, this comparison may be done on a transaction-to-transaction basis. The difference between the normal value and export price is called as the margin. In case the export price differs significantly among different purchasers, regions or time periods, then comparison based on weighted average export price may not be appropriate. In such cases, the investigating authorities would compare the weighted average normal value with that of the export price on individual transaction basis. This situation is referred to as targeted dumping. Assessment of Duty: Normally, the assessment of dumping margin for the purpose of the levy of anti-dumping duty is to be calculated with respect to each exporter or producer of the product concerned under investigation. However, such a system may not be practically feasible in all cases and thus the investigating authorities may limit the number of exporters, importers, or products individually considered and impose the anti-dumping duty even on uninvestigated sources, on the basis of the weighted average dumping margin established with respect to exporters or producers actually examined. ANTI-DUMPING: Procedures Initiation of Investigation The investigations against dumping are required to be normally initiated on the basis of a written request submitted by or on behalf of a domestic industry and it needs to be supported by those domestic producers whose collective output constitutes more than 50% of the total production of the like product. However, the investigation would not be initiated when domestic producers expressly supporting the application account for less than 25% of total production of the like product produced in the domestic industry of the importing country. The application is required to contain the following information: Evidence of dumping, injury and the causal link The identity of the applicant and a description of the volume and value of the domestic production of the like product by the applicant. Complete description of the allegedly dumped product, the names of the country or countries of origin or export in question, the identity of each known exporter or foreign producer and a list of known persons importing the product in question Information on prices at which the product in question is sold when destined for consumption in the domestic markets of the country or countries of origin or export Information on the evolution of the volume of the allegedly dumped imports, the effect of these imports on prices of the like product in the domestic market and the consequent impact of the imports on the domestic industry On receipt of the application the investigating authorities would examine the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence provided for determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify the initiation of an investigation and before initiating investigation, the authorities need to notify the exporting country. Conduct of Investigation The authorities are required to guarantee the confidentiality of sensitive information and verify the information on which determinations are based. In order to ensure transparency, the authorities are also required to disclose the information on which determinations are to be based to all interested parties and to provide them with adequate opportunity to make or provide their comments. The investigating authorities are required to give notice to all interested parties viz. Exporter, the government of exporter and the producers of like products, about the investigation. The procedure of investigation is as follows: Preliminary Screening: The application is scrutinized to ensure that it is fully documented and provides sufficient evidence for initiating an investigation. In case of any discrepancy, a deficiency letter is issued. Initiation: the designated authority, after examining the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence regarding dumping, injury and causal link, issues a public notice initiating an investigation. The initiation notice is ordinarily to be issued within 5 days from the date of receipt of a properly documented application. Access to Information: The authority provides access to the non-confidential evidence presented to it by various interested parties in the form of a public file, which is available for inspection to all interested parties on request after receipt of the responses. Preliminary Findings: Based on the information available before it and based on further information collected by the authority, a preliminary finding is made, which would also contain the reasons behind the determination made by the authority. In this regard, the preliminary finding is undertaken normally within 90 days from the date of initiation. Provisional Duty: In case the authority considers it necessary, it may recommend the Central Government to impose a provisional duty, not exceeding the margin of dumping, on the basis of the preliminary finding recorded by it. The provisional duty can be imposed only after the expiry of 60 days from the date of initiation of investigation. Further, such duty will remain in force for a period not exceeding six months but which may be extended to nine months under certain circumstances. Oral Evidence Public Hearing: Interested parties are allowed to request the designated authority to afford them an opportunity to present their case and relevant information orally. However, the designated authority would consider the oral information only when it is subsequently reproduced in writing. Disclosure of Information: The designated authority, based on the submissions and evidence gathered during the investigation and verification would proceed to make the determination of the final findings and formulate the basis thereof. Final Determination: The interested parties would submit their response to the disclosure and the authority would consider such submissions before taking a final position on the matter. Time-limit for investigation process: the normal time allowed for completion of the investigation process is one year from the date of initiation of the investigation. The Central Government is empowered to extend such period by another six months. Price Undertaking Price Undertaking refers to a voluntary undertaking by exporters to revise the price or to cease exports to the area in question at dumped prices so that the authorities are satisfied that the injurious effect of the dumping is eliminated. However, the Central Government would be allowed to accept the price undertakings from exporters only after preliminary affirmative determination has been made that dumping exists and that consequent to dumping, injury has also been caused to the domestic industry. The investigating authorities are required to complete their investigation on the dumping and its consequent injury, in the event it is desired by the exporter or by the investigating authorities despite accepting the price undertakings. In case the investigation leads to a negative determination of dumping or injury, then the undertaking given shall automatically lapse. Special Status Anti dumping duty is not applicable for imports made by export oriented units unless the intention to levy on their imports is specifically stated in the notification. Export Oriented Units specifically include: Free trade zone means a zone which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf; Hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking means an undertaking which has been approved as a hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking by the Board appointed in this behalf by the Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred by section 14 of the Industries Act, 1951; Special economic zone means a zone which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf. Provisional Measures The investigating authorities are allowed to take certain provisional measures in the form of levy of provisional duty for import of goods alleged to be dumped. These provisional measures are allowed only when the following conditions are fulfilled: The investigating authorities have initiated the investigation giving proper public notice and interested parties have been given adequate opportunities to submit information and make their comments; The investigating authorities have a preliminary affirmative determination in favour of dumping and its consequent injury to the domestic industry; The investigating authorities judge that such provisional measures are necessary to prevent injury being caused during the investigation period. ANTI-DUMPING: Indian Context Indian laws regarding trade, including anti-dumping laws were amended with effect from 1st January 1995, following Indias entry into the WTO. The anti-dumping provisions were amended keeping in line with the WTO Agreement. The investigations regarding anti-dumping duty are under Sections 9A of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975. Even though, anti dumping duty provides for countering the issue of dumping, countervailing duties are more useful for countering the direct and indirect subsidies by various national governments on their respective industries. In any case, the Indian Government has to prove injury and causal link need to be proved in front of the WTO panel on anti-dumping. The investigations pertaining to dumping are governed by the amended provisions of Customs Tariff act of 1975. Safeguards in the form of tariff increases or quantitative restrictions were earlier used to counter the increased imports due to dumping, but nowadays such measures invite compensation payment to tradi ng partners in appropriate cases. The Customs Tariff Act, 1975 Sections 9A, 9B and 9C, amended in 1995 and the Customs Tariff (Identification, Assessment and Collection of Anti-dumping Duty on Dumped Articles and for Determination of Injury) Rules, 1995, were framed to provide the legal basis for anti-dumping investigations and for the levy of anti-dumping duties, based on the Agreement on Anti-Dumping which is in pursuance of Article VI of GATT 1994. The investigations and recommendations on dumping issues are handled by Designated Authority, under the Ministry of Commerce, while the imposition and collection of anti-dumping duties are handled by Ministry of Finance. The Indian industry must be able to show that dumped imports are causing or are threatening to cause material injury to the Indian domestic industry. Material retardation to the establishment of an industry is also regarded as injury. The material injury or threat thereof cannot be based on mere allegation, statement or conjecture. Sufficient evidence must be provided to support the contention of material injury. Injury analysis can broadly be divided in two major areas: The Volume Effect The Designated Authority examines the volume of the dumped imports, including the extent to which there has been or is likely to be a significant increase in the volume of dumped imports, either in absolute terms or in relation to production or consumption in India, and its affect on the domestic industry. The Price Effect The effect of the dumped imports on prices in the Indian market for like articles, including the existence of price undercutting, or the extent to which the dumped imports are causing price depression or preventing price increases for the goods which otherwise would have occurred. The consequent economic and financial impact of the dumped imports on the concerned Indian industry can be demonstrated, inter alia, by : decline in output loss of sales loss of market share reduced profits decline in productivity decline in capacity utilization reduced return on investments price effects adverse effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, investments, ability to raise capital, etc. Application Procedure Applications can be made by or on behalf of the concerned domestic industry to the Designated Authority in the Ministry of Commerce for an investigation of any alleged dumping. The designated Authority may initiate an investigation when there is sufficient evidence that dumped imports are causing or are threatening to cause material injury to the Indian industry producing like articles or are materially retarding the establishment of an industry. Copies of the prescribed application pro-forma are available from the Ministry of Commerce. Applications should be submitted to the Designated Authority in the Ministry of Commerce in the prescribed form. Guidelines on how to complete a questionnaire are a part of the prescribed