LINGUISTICS - Discuss the role and status of pidgin and creole Essay

LINGUISTICS - Discuss the role and status of pidgin and creole languages in post-colonial contexts - Essay Example 8) which they master as they grow, using it as their most effective means of interacting and identifying them in many ways. For example, through language people’s nationality, profession, education, and even values can be sensed. Hence, â€Å"when we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the ‘human essence’, the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to [humans]† (Chomsky, cited in Fromkin & Rodman, 1998: 3). With language being distinct to humans, it is believed that, languages best mirror the human mind (Leibnitz, cited in Chomsky, 1986, p. 1). Thus, language study is important and fascinating, specifically the study of language acquisition. As Bloomfield (1933) said: â€Å"the acquisition of language is doubtless the greatest intellectual feat anyone of us is ever required to perform† (p. 29). If children’s effortless acquisition of first language (L1) raises many questions, the impact of L1 acquisition on second language (L2) acquisition raises more questions, especially in considering its implications on L2 teaching. LA, a field of study that has earned much attention and controversy, is used interchangeably with language learning (LL). For instance, Quine (1960) defines LA as just another term for LL, as the mental capacities used in acquiring a language are the same mental capacities used in learning a wide array of other skills. But Chomsky (1969) and Krashen (1981), in different contexts, define LA and LL as two different processes. For Chomsky, children acquire and master their L1 as they develop, yet they learn their L1 differently compared with their learning other things, like using cutlery (cited in Chapman, 2000, p. 159). While, Krashen (1981) differentiates LA and LL in the context of second language acquisition (SLA), wherein LA is the process by which children acquire their L1 and L2,

Acute cholecystitis (case study) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Acute cholecystitis ( ) - Case Study Example The disease is fairly common, with over 500,000 operations being performed each year in the United States on individuals presenting with more severe cases of bile duct blockage and subsequent acute cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is the case of this inflammation that occurs sporadically, with the similar chronic cholecystitis being characterised by a more constant inflammation (South-Paul et al, 2010). Acute cholecystitis is far more common in women than in men, and occurs in the population more frequently with age (Sherlock et al, 2002). Pregnancy can also increase the liklihood of getting acute cholecystitis due to the presence of hormones that increase the liklihood of developing gallstones and the subsequent blocking and inflammation (Lai et al, 1998). There are many associated symptoms which are usually vague, and include nausea and fever (Eldar et al, 1997). Acute cholecystitis can be diagnosed in a number of ways that will be discussed within the course of this essay, but i maging techniques are the most conclusive, with metabolic panels being used as the primary detection method in suspected cases (Sherlock et al, 2002). Imaging techniques are the only way to get a conclusive diagnosis of the affliction. Treatment is usually antibiotics, although more severe and aggressive treatments are necessary in cases where gangrene and tissue necrosis are present. Operations may be needed to remove the causative gallstones (Kiviluoto et al, 1998). This essay will discuss all of these features of acute cholecystitis in more detail. Colecystitis is often caused by gallstones forming in the gallbladder, and especially refers to those that obstruct the custic duct (Sherlock et al, 2002). This obstruction can lead to issues with the bile system, which involve a thickening of the bile and associated stasis. This may very often lead to secondary infections by pathogens including but not limited to Escherichia coli (South-Paul et al, 2010). Both the

Sports Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports Law - Essay Example accreditation for laboratory tests (and laboratories themselves) carried out in foreign lands, and that the IAAF should execute measures to see that this is reflected in all EU sports governing bodies. As stated in Rule 55.11 of the IAAF, the procedure of determining whether an athlete is culpable with regards to an illegal substance use does not really matter unless it is "such as to cast real doubt on the reliability of such a finding." (IAAF cited by Parliament 1999) Yet the IAAF compensates for this by stating in paragraph eight (8.2) of the procedural guidelines that the test of Sample B, following that of Sample A, should be done in the presence of the athlete and/or a representative. Also paragraph 8.5 states that every athlete should have the right to a fair hearing, before decisions are reached to avoid unjust suspension or discharging. In the Modahl versus BAF case there were loopholes, open wounds for vampires, on both sides. The effect of it calls for action, not only at the domestic level, but at the international level as well. Note the defence of the BAF: it was simply following the guidelines set out by the IAAF (which in turn probably did not foresee that kind of circumstance). In summary, it is not the sports law and policy that is the enemy here, but the type of attention paid to it. Situations like this summon a need for more focus on positively detailed contractual rules and their application. As always, there is room for growth. REFERENCE LIST Abbott, H. (2006) Sports Law Blog: People Hate Honest Athletes - True Hoop, [Online] Available from: http://sports-law.blogspot.com/ [Accessed 26th October 2008]. CMM (2007), Diane Modahl, [Online] Available from:...Sports Management 335, [Online] 1 Available from: http://www.isenberg.umass.edu/sportmgt/uploads/listWidget/13465/spt335-lpm.pdf ISLA (2007) Doping and Corruption in Sports. Sports and Law, [Online] 1-4 Available from: http://www.icsspe.org/news/pdf/SportsandLaw.pdfPHPSESSID=fed48f126f02e253c7d54624d633a0a0 [Accessed 28th October 2008]. Wadler, G. I. (no date) Doping in Sport: From Strychnine to Genetic Enhancement, It's a Moving Target, [Online] 1-9 Available from: http://www.law.duke.edu/sportscenter/wadler.pdf [Accessed 27th October 2008].

Little Red Riding Hood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Little Red Riding Hood - Essay Example Suddenly, the wolf stopped the girl and asked her, â€Å"Where are you going little girl?† she answered, â€Å"I’m going to my grandmother’s house.† The wolf smiled a maliciously and continued his way alone. When she left, the wolf went to Sara’s grandmother’s house very quickly, as he already know where her grandmother’s house was. While continuing with her journey, the little girl was silently wondering â€Å"If my mom finds out that I talked to a stranger, what would she do?† On the other side, the wolf kidnapped the grandmother and sat on her bed as the grandmother used to. After some time, the little girl arrived and went to her grandmother’s bed and saw the wolf posing as her. Without realizing that it was the wolf, the little girl enquired, â€Å"Why do you look so strange and tired?† Suddenly, the wolf woke up and jumped on the little girl. She managed to escape from him and ran while screaming so loudly as king for help from the neighbors. Fortunately, there was a farmer who heard her screaming while he was crossing the road and ran to her rescue. He killed the wolf and saved both the little girl’s and the grandmother’s lives. When Sara returned to her home, her mother told her, â€Å"If you had listened to my advice, that wouldn’t have happened.† After that experience, the little sweet girl learned that she should always listen to adults’ advices without arguing with them because they have more experience than the children

Employe Search Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employe Search Process - Assignment Example This approach increases the chances of drawing potential candidates from a wide pool of professionals. The vacancy’s details in advertisements will include the positions available, applicants educational requirements, and skill levels required from potential employees. Interested parties can then send in their applications by e-mail to reduce the potential candidates to those proficient with electronic communications. The company’s expansion process requires it to have an intricate knowledge of the current trends in the US welding industry. Demand for welding and welded products fell from $6.113 billion in 2006 to $6 billion in 2011, and this drop was attributed to reduced demand in the construction and repair and maintenance markets (League Park Advisors, 2013, p. 5). According to the League Park Advisors report (2013), demand is expected to rise to $8.067 billion by 2016 as companies increase their production capabilities to meet growing market demand (p. 5). The labor availability in the welding industry is set to increase as industry players such as the manufacturing sector adopt automation for repetitive and hazardous tasks, but the demand for welding specialists will increase due to the need to monitor and direct these automation processes (League Park Advisors, 2013, p. 5). Due to these changes in the market’s demands, labor availability will see a likely shift from the manufacturing industry as it increasingly adopts automation, towards sectors such as repair and maintenance and construction. Manufacturing services may also move from China as wages in that market increase, and this could increase demand for the US manufacturing market (League Park Advisors, 2013, p. 8). Projected annual growth rates of 6.8% and 11.8% for the repair and maintenance and construction markets respectively also dwarf the manufacturing market’s growth rate of 5.7% and also proposes reactionary shifts in the labor market (League

Marketing Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Orientation - Essay Example Both the methods are commonly employed. In this paper, we will employ the Narver and Slater methods to establish the scale for market orientation. Though both the said scales have their own advantages and disadvantages, the Narver and Slater scale has specific specialties to match the needs of a large organization. In the course of the study, the method will be employed for studying the McDonald's Restaurant chain which is very common and the questionnaire suggested by Narver and Slater was used to check the market orientation of this company. Market orientation of a firm has been found to have a strong and positive link with the performance of the company by a number of researchers (Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer, 2002). There are also other research outcomes which are not in favor of such positive link (Han, Kim and Srivastava, 1998). A similar study of the same nature on small sized companies and retailers indicate that the retailers are more customer oriented compared to the small companies. Overall, though there are disputable claims on the market orientation on the performance of the company and the extent to which they are related, the counter claims do no augur well with the results that have been obtained in the field over a period of time. With a large economic growth and integration over the last decade, the effectiveness of the market orientation has been more pronounced on the performance of the company. Therefore, a number of methods have been evolved in order to measure the market orientation and to correlate performance vis--vis market orientation. Measuring Market Orientation Market orientation is measured using a number of methods. The works of Deshpande (1993) and that of Wrenn (1997) have helped in evolving a framework for the purpose. Market orientation, according to Narver and Slater (1990), comprises of three dimensions, viz., customer orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional coordination. While the suggestion of Kohli and Jarowski on Market orientation looked at a complete process of the company and the impact of market orientation on the entire process. If the impact on every one of the processes is gauged then the same can be the metric for market orientation. The method suggested by Narver and Slater has been adopted in this paper. This divides the entire framework of measurement into three dimensions. A questionnaire has been suggested by the researchers that comprises of fourteen different questions primarily grouped under the three heads already cited. The method employs a seven factor scale that will help in judging the size of the orientation by summing the response for every one of the identified factors. This works as a perception of the person on the specific factor and the company's orientation as viewed by the customer or the employ or the vendor. This provides for a 360 degree rating of the company in the prescribed matter. Sample Organization and its market orientation The organization taken into consideration is the McDonalds, the restaurant chain in the US and the World. McDonalds has changed its approach to the market and its market orientation is pretty high; particularly, because of its service oriented nature. This has made the company respond to the needs of the clients much more swiftly than some of the other companies that are not

Death Represenataion in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Essay Example for Free

Death Represenataion in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Essay Death Representation in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Mohamed Fleih Hassan Instructor English Dept. / Abstract Death is one of the significant and recurrent themes in the poetry of Sylvia Plath. This paper aims at showing the poets attitudes towards death. Certain poems are selected to show the poets different attitudes to death: death as a rebirth or renewal, and death as an end. Most obvious factors shaped her attitudes towards death were the early death of her father that left her unsecured, and the unfaithfulness of her husband, Ted Hughes, who left her dejected and melancholic. Plaths Two views of a Cadaver Room, Sheep in Fog, A Birthday Present, Edge, and I Am Vertical are selected to outline her various perspectives towards death. Death Representation in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Generally speaking, death is represented in literature in various ways shifting from being an ominous terrifying force to a means of fulfillment and new beginnings. Death came to be a recurrent theme in Sylvia Plaths poetry due to the sudden death of her father. His death left the daughter with powerful feelings of defeat, resentment, grief and remorse. So the absence of the father had influenced her emotional life negatively to the extent that it is reflected clearly in her poems. Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) passed in periods of depression and there were precursors of suicidal act through fits of breakdown. Among the reasons for her early depression are the early death of her father that left her unsecured and her failure to attend a writing class at Harvard. Though she got a chair as a college guest-editor of the Mademoiselle, but she got monotonous with nothing to fall back on in New York. She broke down with the unfulfillment of her dream of being a successful writer. Therefore, she took an over-dose of sleeping-pills to end her misery, but she was saved. 1 After successful psychiatric sessions of recovery, Plath met Ted Hughes at Cambridge and they got married in 1956. She found in him a motive and substitute for the absence of the father. Hughes believed in her exceptional gift. In that period, the couple got success and fame with their poetic development, especially when they got children. Her poems had been published in Britain and America like, The Colossus 1960, which dealt with Plaths preoccupation with ideas of death and rebirth. Hughes love affair with another woman broke the heart of Plath, who suffered the devastation of the broken marriage. Shifting into a new flat in London, she started writing poems of rage, despair, love and vengeance but her poems were slowly accepted for publication. She suffered the traumatic breakdown and melancholia that she put her head in the oven in 11 April, 1963. 2 Death came to be a recurrent theme in the poetry of Sylvia Plath, and this theme has been represented in different ways in her poems. She did engage the reader either in a personal or an impersonal way to view death either as a liberating force or troubling depressing experience. Her depiction of death is reflected by the use of such techniques as imagery, language, structure, and tone. Her negative attitude towards death is caused by the early death of her father that left her dejected. In her poem Two views of a Cadaver Room (1959), she presents a pessimistic point of view towards death. This poem recounts an experience she had while dating a young Harvard medical student. She followed her boyfriend and some other medical students into an operating room where the students were busily dissecting a preserved corpse. The speaker and her boyfriend are horrified by the experience, the narrator offers two views of the cadaver room as alternate possibilities of depicting death in art; the physical view of death and the romantic view of death. One view is epitomized by the cadaver room contrasting the romantic one of death, which is represented by a detail from a Brueghel painting depicting two lovers, who are spell bounded by one another and careless to the destruction and devastation around them. The poem is written in two parts. The first part creates a futile setting in which things are described in a dissecting room, which suggests a mood of despondency. She did so by the use of wastelandish simile through comparing cadaver with burnt turkey: The day she visited the dissecting room They had four men laid out, black as burnt turkey, Already half unstrung. (II. 1-3) The place dissecting room suggests mercilessness and dehumanization. The dead bodies are anatomized and bones are removed which suggest a horrible image. The poetess compares death with the dissector, in which it takes off the spirit out of the body as did the doctor in dissecting the major constituents of bodies. Death here represents a terrifying force that annihilates mans life. The dissecting room serves as the epitome of scientific space, which is to say death’s space. And this is the space not only of female witnessing and female passivity, ‘she could scarcely make out anything/ In that rubble of skull plates and old leather’, but also of a bestowal from male to female, from male scientist to female poet. The process of dissecting the dead body indicates the savageness and carelessness of the surgeon, who cuts out the heart; the symbol of mans life and feelings. The surgeon is associated with death in the sense that he extracts the heart of the body, He hands her the cut-out heart like a cracked heirloom. The simile presents a very useless pessimistic image for the heart. The heart is not only reduced to a non-functioning machine, but a man hands death to a woman. The heart is the dearest to man and is compared to the heirloom which contains the memory of the dead, but it is uprooted maliciously. Death came to be an unavoidable inheritance. 4 In many of her poems, what Plath perceives is a death-figure which threatens to swallow her up unless she can reassert her living identity by fixing and thus immobilizing her enemy in a structured poetic image. Plath transforms death by assuming the role of a photo-journalist who observes the details in a way as to control the scene with the transforming power of language. She follows the technique of fusing various visual images in a meaningful way. Therefore, she transcends the literal immediacy of what she sees and creates order out of chaos. The second part paradoxes the first in showing a couple who are ignorant of the horrors of death. Their ignorance of the shadow of death around them intensifies their tragic catastrophic end: Two people only are blind to the carrion army: He, afloat in the sea of her blue satin Skirts, sings in the direction Of her bare shoulder, while she bends, Fingering a leaflet of music, over him, Both of th em deaf to the fiddle in the hands Of the death’s-head shadowing their song. (II. 13-19) Plath thinks that the second view was untenable. Confronting the literal physicality of death (as the narrator does in the first stanza), and ignoring that reality (as the lovers do in the Brueghel painting) seem hopelessly romantic and naive. The only way to relinquish the painful awareness of impending death is by relinquishing life itself. Plath committed suicide in her flat moving herself and her work into the domain of myth and psycho-mystical speculation. The second view of death is the bestowal of death that is interrupted by art. Paradoxically, this interruption of death by art is itself a kind of death, a freezing of life. The poem surveys with an eye which is blind and an ear which is deaf. If the lovers’ blindness and deafness to death’s music permits them to ‘flourish’, then this flourishing is ‘not for long’. Paradoxically, the work of art saves from death by paralyzing or fixing the living in an absolute present, which is to say a perfected present, but without future: This stalling of death’s triumph by art, this resistance of art to death, is itself a kind of death, since it reminds us that those lovers captured in art’s absolute present can do nothing at all. Just as there are two kinds of music here – the death’s-head’s and the lovers’ – so art is not placed in any simple opposition to death. 6 There are two kinds of death: on the one hand, death as process, as rebirth or renewal, as imaginary; and, on the other hand, death as end, as factuality. Plath rides into death in Sheep in Fog (1963) but death is no longer conceived as renewal. The objective in ‘Sheep in Fog’ becomes the ‘dark water’: They threaten To let me through to a heaven Starless and fatherless, a dark water. (II. 13-15) The sense of dissolution is overpowering in this poem through thee description of the background of the poem. Each line and each stanza of the poem concerns the disappearance of something. hills step off into whiteness, Morning has been blackening and the starless heaven leave her dejected and wretched. 7 Sheep in Fog suggests that there is a radical sundering of poet and poetry, a death of the poet that is the life of the poetry, if only as that which is in mourning for the poet. The impersonality of Plath’s later poetry is not arrived at through an ethical self-sacrifice of the poet’s empirical, autobiographical self in the interests of a universal validity, a kind of immortality or proof against death. Rather, it is an impersonality in which there is a highly paradoxical and unstable relation between poet and poetry. 8 A Birthday Present (1962) is another dramatic monologue in which terror and death predominate. The persona longs to know the gift presented by his friend. The speaker, her friend, and the object talk to each other in the kitchen. She imagines that the present may be bones, a pearl button, and an ivory tusk. Each of these things has white colour and suggests the nature of the birthday present that she wants. The three white objects—bones, pearl, and ivory tusk—all suggest death because they were once part of living organisms. The persona speaks of the veils around the present. In order to remove the concealing veil, which causes her anxiety and fear, the speaker demands an end to the screening off of death from view. She compares her life at the end of the poem to the arrival by mail of parts of her own corpse. At the end, the speaker demands as her birthday present not the previously mentioned symbols of death or the figure representing death, but death itself: 9 If it were death I would admire the deep gravity of it, its timeless eyes. I would know you were serious. There would be a nobility then, there would be a birthday. And the knife not carve, but enter Pure and clean as the cry of a baby, And the universe slide from my side. (II. 52-58) The poem dramatizes her birthday to be her death. The drama of A Birthday Present is frightening in its transformation of a domestic and happy occasion into a celebration of suicide. It captures the movement of the speakers mind as she throws herself into the sequence of steps that might lead her to kill herself. Plaths second perspective towards death is that it may be chosen by the individual himself as a means of self-destruction, rather than acting as a horrible exterminating force. The poetess aims to show the suffering and agony of the persona in selecting death as a means of liberation of the antagonistic world of the person. This perspective is reflected in Plaths Edge, which was written on 5 February 1963 and is thought to be Plath’s last poem. According to Seamus Heaney, one of the biographers of Plath, the poem was a suicide note, which is to say an entirely personal, autobiographical communication from a distressed melancholic woman. For this reason, the poem is limited by the literal death of the poet, a death that cannot help but be read back into the poem. 10 This death is a negativity that renews, and works within an economy of life. This is not just an imaginary death, but death as a figure for the imagination itself, as a negativity that may be harnessed in the interests of life. This poem carries the reader not only to the very limit of life, but also to the limit of poetry. And yet, if in this poem the woman is ‘perfected’, it is through a death that takes the form of an aesthetic object, but in which the emphasis none the less falls very much on illusion. The speaker in this poem doesn’t endure the anguish of his life and feels that his misery is over: The illusion of a Greek necessity Flows in the scrolls of her toga Her bare Feet seem to be saying: We have come so far, it is over. (II. 4-8) The bare feet symbolize the lack of protection and immunity. The tone looks submissive but it indicates the willingness to accept death as an outlet and escape of the aggressive world. The persona feels alienated in the world around him. No one cares for the personas death even the moon, The moon has nothing to be sad about/ Staring from her hood of bone. Therefore, she starts looking for something beyond death, which is the longing for perfection. Usually roses symbolize purity, so she compares her folding of the dead bodies of children as petals of a rose close. Therefore she thinks that through death, she will have a new beginning. 11 Death as a means of rebirth is reflected in Plaths I Am Vertical. She sets images taken from nature as a background of her poem. This use of nature as a setting for her poem shows death not as a horrible monstrous thing. She presented two fruitful lively images of nature and then she negates her alikeness to them: I am not a tree with my root in the spoil Sucking up minerals and motherly love So that each March I may gleam into leaf, Nor am I the beauty of a garden bed Attracting my share of Ahs and spectacularly painted, Unknowing I must soon unpetal. (II. 2-7) The persona feels rejection of the surroundings when the trees and flowers have been strewing their cool odours. I walk among them, but none of them are noticing. This represents the negligence of society and the social restraints that the individual feels. each March I may gleam into leaf suggests the continuity of life and regeneration. She is longing to be united with nature via death; the nature that symbolizes serenity and tranquility, Then the sky and I are in open conversation. The word sky gives death the sense of spirituality and elevation. The speaker is not satisfied in her life and she accepts death as a means for recognition: And I shall be useful when I lie down finally: Then the trees may touch me for once, and the flowers have time for me. (II. 19-20) Plaths life is ended in a world of death and despondency from which there is no rebirth or transformation.