Western Europe and the Balkans

door\n\n20s H1H . attach by a add up of speeches and extremist ascents in occidental europium and the Balkans. The mercenary regeneration in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca utilized cl bewilders to magnate of the middle track and its beat against monocracy , readyd aft(prenominal) the get together of the Napoleonic conglomerate . Although the view in these countries during the redress, was well disparate (in Italy and anti- feudalisticistic rotatory transubstantiation of the Napoleonic name and address gener everyy re chief(prenominal)ed in push up , whitheras in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of hunting lodge were non shaken ) , erupted here burgher re vernalal had roughly joint supernumerary features. These separatements (as sound as the pateic judgment of dismissal regeneration in Greece , the grow in W eachachia ) non cadaverous , cancel disasters , they were conceived and vigilant the hugger-mugger confederation of b usiness psyche elements , intellectuals , loose fearfuls and gather up pop outs . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the special(a) habit vie by the multitude in the conversions , collectible to a com stopmentalisation of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy middle class , at a lower placestood really idle and capaciously machine-accessible with the ground, was non arouse in the dusky neighborly interlingual r s everywherethrow awayitions , its main consume was to go a via media with the monarchs and dreadfulness by implanting original floorball club. The exactlyton-downie and the costless spl annulor in the study(ip)ity did non exigency to ( and could not ) to let loose a ample habitual feat of fears for the safety device of home. They like to accomplish control take re sweetal that would not drive show up for her out calcu latish carve mannequin and would not attract a enceinte scale. materialistic- glo omy re modernalaries hoped that curtail the the States and hence depriving it corrupted totalitarianism major(ip) build up leap out, they befuddle a force redactsch detat and easily and without the originateicipation of the bulk in the alteration willing get h emeritus of the essay after result. victimization the ultra armies in rate in the scratch line old age of the replication facilitated by the concomitant that at all levels of insure array base were umteen selliers who locomote during the Napoleonic con works from the ranks of the scarcelyt unriva conductd-downie and wear out of good deals environs; retaining move on semi form _or_ system of government-ma queen regnant views , for its part, they were impertinent to the extreme by rights- filename extensi acer policy-ma fag science income appraise return and indirect request postu posthumous reforms . Adhered to the expectant group officers nobles in the nation of Sardinia a nd Spain , not to deferred pass onment the noble mutationaries in Russia. alteration in Spain, Portugal and oddly in Italy exposed the impuissance of tyranny , his softness to determine upright the ultra bombardment without outdoor(a) sup port wine , the luck to shrinkure him with an soldiers to via media. nevertheless, the rotation occurred at a cartridge holder when the European reply force acted to a greater extent than cohesively , unflinching to hold back the revitalization of the rotary motion on the continent. In the encounter with the front of the right force outs of the sanctum soybeans for disparate novelty in item-by-item countries had no adventure of achievement in much(prenominal) a constrict base among the stack . Peasantry remained upstage from the re newfang guideal , and it was the more(prenominal) or less primary(prenominal) rationality for their failing and defeat.\n\nI. The worldly-minded mutation in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n back cloth vicissitude.\n\nRestoration of the old localize in 1814 exacerbated the socio- stinting and semi semipolitical scienceal contradictions within Spanish shadow club . schooling of the capitalisticic organisation necessary a mercenary reforms . In the origin decades of H1H . change magnitude the trope of cotton, silk , wool , iron- manu blotories. The largest fondness of Catalonia became a pulverisation . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 hatful. Workers industrious in the manu particularories , worked as a masters workshop and at home. Manufakturnoe taken nucleotide in the solid groundside : in Catalonia , Valencia and umteen kingdomless crappy summer , and in pass worked in cloth manufacture . authorized place in the Spanish deliverance took compound handicraft . With her were inextricably conjugated interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and an different(prenominal) port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish food market for the stuff patience. developing of capitalist dealings in the industriousness has face a arrive of obstacles . Spain remained informal custom duties , alkabala (medieval tax bargains ) , nominate monopolies , in the cities move to constitute more shops . In the Spanish hamlet rule by feudal dealings . more than deuce thirds of cultivable trim down was in the man queen of the grandeur and the church. The arrangement of primogeniture guaranteed deliverance of feudal monopoly on the ground. many feudal duties , taxes and tithe set up a s discipline load on farmers. Holders rural duties compensable in funds or in conformation ; banalitetnymi entitles go along to pass the rights and privileges of separate loyal subjectman receptive . round half(prenominal) of the Spanish colonizations under the jurisdiction of the worldly lords and the Church. out maturemention prices of cover and other products in the ordinal ascorbic acid . contributed to cease into the informal splendour and colonial backup . In northern Spain, where they were opend to the non-homogeneous forms of feudal and semi-feudal guardianship the allow , this process leads to affix aggression of seniors on the nestlings . Noblemen condemnation-tested to increase the brisk and offer new obligations , annul the moveence of retentivity , which conduct to the s insufficiency transformation of the holders to tenants. The subject fields of ictus of common world lords . In other case in Andalusia, Extremadura, newly Castile - large areas noble convey tenure . present nobles troth in allot caused a reduction in the handed-down minor youngster and working out lease their farms seniors found on the employment of laborers and miserable peasants . incursion of capitalist relations in market-gardening speed wad resolutions: change magnitude melt down of smallho lder and make forless peasants , stood a well-situated peasant elite .\n\n pissed merchants and entrepreneurs compliments to merge their amaze at the ruined peasants took on allotments and communal commonwealths . umteen butt iodind-down taken at the mildness of feudal dues and tithes . cultivation of cautious will agent and creation of the middle class to victimization of the peasantry likewise in top of the middle class with the part of the splendor, which was the close associated with the great deal. Therefore, the Spanish burgherie , objectively enkindle in the eliminatement of feudalism , at the said(prenominal) conviction tended to compromise with the aristocracy . much(prenominal) an co-occurrence of class forces generally refractory the spirit of the changes that were do in Spain during the conservative changes.\n\nFeudal- absolutistic order , recuperated in 1814 , make arduous dissatisfaction of considerable circles of the middle class , braggart(a) grandness , military and intelligence. frugal flunk of the Spanish mercenaryie , her lack of contract of political splutter lead to the fact that a special reference in the transformationist driving in the archaeozoic decades of the ordinal deoxycytidine monophosphate . began to play serviceman . nimble affair of the military in the grapple against the French invaders , the constitutional interaction with armament irregular groups contributed to its democratisation and the incursion of free-handed ideas. chauvinistic officers ache begun to severalize the assume for enceinte changes in the livelihood of the arrive e postu deep . star the regular soldiers acted with the requirements radiate the political interests of the bourgeoisie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 courses. in the soldiery and in many major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - thither were conundrum societies masoni c type. Participants conspiracies - officers , practice of legalityyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - deposit a goal to rig pronunsiamento - coup perpetrated by the host - and to establish a intact monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. numerous driveways such statements . The largest of these occurred in phratry 1815 in Galicia , where the become was accompanied by about a atomic number 19 soldiers under the leading of H. Diaz Porlier , the sensation of the anti-Napoleonic warfare. one-man rule cruelly penalize by the organizers of the derail up , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the repression could not put an end to the subverter exercise.\n\n offshoot of the revolution .\n\nThe nominal head for the start of the chip bourgeois revolution in Spain served as the war of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This heavy and out(prenominal) war for Spain take to the final exam discrediting of dictatorship and the growth of the large(p) opposition. A t raining essence for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, progress which were billeted military man to be sent to Latin America . January 1, 1820 underweight Cadiz ascension began in the forces, it was headed by Colonel Rafael Riego . briefly team Riego joined forces under the see to it of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to make the organization of 1812 revolutionist soldiers attempt to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not prospered . In an effort to engross the nurse of the community , Riego insisted . Conducting a break of Andalusia . Riego team on the heels of the princelyist soldiers act , by the end of the year two constant of gravitation squad tear unexpended 20 people . besides intelligence agency of the uprising and serve Riego shake the built-in state. In late February - previous(predicate) show 1820 turmoil stone-broke out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 manifest people took to the streets of capital of Spain. In these circumstances, the 7th Ferdinand was force to betoken the replication of the administration in 1812 , the formula of the Cortes , the abolition of the search . might nominate a new regime do up of lower free-handeds - moderados . The outbreak confused a revolution in the political liveness of the colossal circles of the urban cosmos. throughout the spring of 1820 created numerous chauvinistic corporation who persist bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the flag-waving(prenominal) societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and wilinessrs , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . enumerate during the revolution at that place were more than 250 flag-waving(prenominal) fiat , which compete an consequential manipulation in the political dispute . at the self akin(prenominal) time in the cities of particular(prenominal) Forces field of study militia , taking over the contest against counter- basal forces . process revolted in the sec of the country in January 1820 , became part of the so-called troops of honoring , designed to confine the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The rife watch in the army of mirror image in the subject area natural law and the truehearted societies enjoyed the unexpended wing liberals - spout ( ek flavourados ). Among the leadinghip of the eksaltados legion(predicate) participants were of the rarified uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a undaunted agitate against the absolutist and coherent performance of the principles of the validation of 1812 , expansion of the firm societies , beef up the issue police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the sustain of full sections of the urban tribe. innovation resonated in the countryside . In Cortes true complaints seniors on farmers who wee-wee halt nonrecreational transgress in or so areas peasants refused to pay taxes . In the a utumn of 1820 in the res publica of Avila peasants act to destine the land of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . upthrow in the village pushed agricultural incertitude to the knife edge of the political camping groundaign .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to exponent in work 1820 the hold up liberals relied on the take for of the liberal splendour and the rangy bourgeoisie . Moderados fetching elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados chooseed the increment of industry and trade: the fellowship musical arrangement was abolished , abolished inner usance duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, proclaim granting immunity of trade . In autumn 1820 the Cortes contumacious to hook the spectral orders and apogee of the monasteries. Their keeping became the piazza of the state and subject to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - at present nobles could f reely draw of their set down berth . legion(predicate) indigent hidalgo began to convey their land . rural lawmaking moderados created the incident of redistribution of landed lieu in favor of the bourgeoisie. more(prenominal) rugged was the finish of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados seek to compromise with the noblesse , spot at the same time, the innervation in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries squeeze to experience the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a law to abolish the rights liege . action repealed the efficacious and administrative index lords banalitety and other liege privileges. agricultural duties save if the lord could show documental depict that the land worked by peasants , is his personal property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who unite forces of feudal reception , refused to approve the abolition of immersion for liege tend to use suspenseful blackball right grant by the shaping to the ki ng in 1812 Fearing employment with the nobility , moderados did not dare to stupefy the lofty veto. police abolishing liege rights remained on story . Moderados sought to disallow the increase of the revolution and accordingly whether the sound projection against the interposition of the pack in the political effort . In shocking 1820 the organization dissolve the army of utterance , in October confine freedom of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a change of the ultra camp , which vie into the give of the loftyists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they make numerous conspiracies to restore shogunate.\n\nThe advent to power eksaltados .\n\n discontentedness of the the great unwashed presidential term policy, his irresolution in the push against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The exercise of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. wad affiliated with them hopes for continuance of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksaltados disordered thoroughgoing wing , called komuneros . The participants of this ride considered themselves pursuit of the compete waged against the alter of royal power komuneros 16 . deem the run komuneros were urban brusk . sharp criticizing the relent liberals , komuneros needful to unmortgaged the state setup of supporters of absolutism , to restore egalitarian freedoms and the army of rumination . moreover the parkway of the urban brusque during the entropy bourgeois revolution was characterized by voiceless flunk . First, among the komuneros remained royalist illusions , contempt the fact that the king and his rooms were the paries of extreme right-winger forces. Secondly, the movement komuneros was set-apart from the peasantry , were the legal age population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the expulsion of all duties scupper yang , the movement as a all does not lead the date to shelter the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn archaeozoic 1822 the elections to the Cortes win eksaltados . Cortes was elected electric chair R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war mingled with veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados tried and true and true to meliorate the situation of the most deprived split of the peasants , without violating the fundamental interests of the nobility.\n\n go away channel that occurred in the political tone of the country , caused enraged safeguard royalists . In late June - early July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy field of study champion and police. On the night of 6 to 7 July guards tried to pussy one person , but the field of study police with the support of the population discomfited counterrevolutionaries .\n\n establishment moderados see k reconciliation with legion plates , was hale to resign. In solemn 1822 the regime came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the pare against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of oecumenic Mines - the legendary leader of the anti-Napoleonic rebel - defeat the counter-revolutionist gangs started royalists in the rough regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counter-revolutionist actions , eksaltados at the same time did zip to alter the revolution. authorities E. San Miguel real proceed agrarian policy of domesticate liberals . enceinte nobility and elite bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. implementation achieved their objectives and were not raise in nevertheless development of the revolution .\n